What Are Cover Crops and Should You Plant Them Now?

I’ve known about cover crops since childhood. Every fall, after my dad pulled the last of his tomato plants, our vegetable garden was nothing but bare ground. Then, seemingly overnight, new green growth filled the space. What had my dad done? He planted a cover crop!

What Is a Cover Crop?

A cover crop is anything grown to improve the soil, not necessarily to produce something to eat. According to the Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, the practice of growing cover crops goes back thousands of years.

Farmers observed they had better yields from some food crops if they planted cover crops after harvesting. Today, we know cover crops can improve soil structure and fertility, essential for growing quality crops. We also know you don’t need to be a commercial farmer to grow cover crops. I often plant them in the fall in my raised-bed vegetable garden.

Why Should You Plant Cover Crops?

Cover crops improve the soil in a variety of ways, including:

• Preventing soil erosion: When strong rains or winds dislodge soil, it’s gone. It could take years to build up more. Planting a cover crop prevents erosion by holding the soil in place.
• Crowding out weeds: Bare soil quickly turns weedy. By planting a cover crop, you can prevent a lot of weeds because they have no place to take root.
• Improving soil structure: Roots of cover crops break up hard-packed soil. Later, when the cover crop dies down, the organic matter left can be worked into the soil to improve its structure.
• Improving soil fertility: When legumes like peas or fava beans are used as a cover crop, they fix nitrogen in the soil. That nitrogen is then available for whatever you plant next.

When To Plant Cover Crops

Early fall is usually best. As soon as a vegetable plant stops producing, pull it out, then sow seeds for a cover crop. Some cover crops like buckwheat do well in the summer months. Always check the information on the seed packet to determine the best times to sow.

What Are the Best Cover Crops for Gardens?

Several are suitable for home gardens. Consider these three:

• Peas: Several types, like dun peas, help to fix nitrogen in the soil. In colder climates, peas grown as a cover crop can be planted in late summer. Once they die back in early winter, they can be cut off and left as mulch on the ground, or composted.
• Buckwheat: For a quick-growing warm weather cover crop, many gardeners grow buckwheat. It helps prevent weeds and soil erosion, and the flowers attract many pollinators.
• Crimson clover: Like peas, crimson clover fixes nitrogen in the soil and suppresses weeds. It’s an annual that grows best in cool temperatures, so it’s generally planted in early spring or late summer. Bees and other pollinators love the flowers.

How To Remove Cover Crops

Before sowing a cover crop, have a plan for removing it. Generally, you don’t want your cover crop to set seed because it could lead to unwanted self-sowing. For this reason, most cover crops are cut back after flowering.

Depending on the size of your garden, you can cut these back with a string trimmer or lawn mower. Other cover crops will naturally die back once winter sets in. You can leave these crops dormant on the garden, then remove them in early spring before replanting.

Note that many experts, including the cooperative extension service at Purdue University, no longer recommend annual ryegrass as a cover crop. It’s tough to remove, and if allowed to go to seed can become a difficult weed to control.