A Japanese-style backyard is a place for contemplating nature. Here are some tips to help you set up your own retreat space.
9 Tips To Create an Authentic Backyard Japanese Garden
Japanese Garden Landscape: Firsthand View
I lived in Kyoto, Japan for 10 years, to support my wife’s research into Japanese gardening techniques. Although we both eventually settled into teaching positions, we never stopped touring the Kansai region, appreciating the gardens and — because I’m a builder — the architecture and construction techniques.
One snowy winter day, my sister and I were enjoying tea at Ryoanji, a temple just down the road from where I worked. No one else was around. As the snow gently covered the famous rock garden, we sensed the contemplative energy of the millions of people who had been there over the centuries. You could almost see the nature spirits.
Unlike my wife, I’m no gardening expert, but I did learn a little in the time we spent in Japan. Here are some tips for building a Japanese garden.
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Create Space
When designing and building your authentic Japanese garden, plan for lots of space between elements. The Japanese sensibility is rooted in various schools of Buddhism, particularly Zen, which is all about the silence between words and the space between objects — ma in Japanese.
You can create space by including a pond, a welcome feature in a Japanese garden. If you don’t have room for that, consider gravel or sand as a walkway covering or a prominent feature. Sand and gravel should be natural, without artificial coloring.
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Balance the Elements
A Japanese garden is a study in the harmony of nature. To create harmony, the elements of air, earth, water and fire should all be represented.
Use rocks and sand to represent earth, and a pond or waterfall for water. Keep bushes and shrubs pruned to allow air to circulate, and add one or two orange or red plants to represent fire. Japanese maple and chrysanthemums are great for autumn, astilbe (false goat’s beard) for summer and an evergreen with red berries like holly for winter.
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Define a Clear Boundary
An authentic Japanese garden is a retreat from the world to appreciate nature, so it should have a clearly defined border that separates it from its surroundings. A low stone wall surrounds the rock garden at Ryoanji on three sides, blocking the view of the streets and sidewalks.
The boundary should be visible but doesn’t have to hide the surrounding landscape. A wood or bamboo fence, a stone or brick wall or landscape feature like a stream or hill will work.
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Take Your Time
Workers can erect a Japanese apartment building in weeks, but establishing an authentic Japanese garden is a lifelong affair. It’s an opportunity to slow down and attune to the natural world. That’s something you can’t rush.
Rather than fill a plot of land with grown, store-bought vegetation, start with bulbs and seedlings. As the garden approaches maturity, maintain the space as part of your daily or weekly routine, and add elements as they make sense. Become one with the garden and by extension, the nature it represents.
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Choose Subtle over Showy
Some gardens are riots of color, but not a Japanese garden. Everything is understated. The vegetation is mostly green and brown, with landscape features in proportion to their surroundings. “The thing that is pretty different about the Japanese garden is that the garden does not primarily showcase blooms, but rather the essence of nature,” says Matt Horth, horticulturist at the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum. For example, redbud trees and azaleas provide pops of seasonal color against the backdrop of evergreen plants, but are not the focal point.
The goal is to create a space where all the elements harmonize and none dominate. Moss is a great equalizer, tying all the elements together. Bushes and trees need to be manicured; never be shaped into topiaries.
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Don’t Make It Perfect
Master rug weavers in the Middle East traditionally include an intentional mistake in their rugs because they say, “only God is perfect.” Japanese gardeners also appreciate the imperfection and transience of nature. Their term for it is wabi-sabi.
Introduce wabi-sabi by arranging plants and other elements in odd numbers. Some withered bamboo in a corner or a carelessly placed rock in an otherwise orderly arrangement can also work. Don’t overdo it because nature already expresses wabi-sabi in the life cycles of the plants.
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Work with Nature
If you don’t live in Japan, some traditional Japanese garden plants may not survive in your climate zone. Don’t force them. Rely on native plants you know will thrive. Be sure to introduce evergreen shrubs, bushes and ground cover so the garden has color in the winter.
If you have a small, sheltered space inappropriate for living plants, consider a rock garden, called karesansui in Japanese. Although more abstract, it still provides an opportunity for retreat and contemplation. “A Japanese garden has four key elements — rocks, pines, water and structures,” Horth says. “The rocks are the backbone of the Japanese garden.”
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Keep It Real
There shouldn’t be anything artificial in an authentic Japanese garden. No plastic fencing or ornaments, no whirligigs hanging from the trees and no garden gnomes. All wooden items should be unpainted unless you bring in one or two bright red ornaments to balance the fire element.
Stone items like birdbaths and lanterns add a nice touch. Consider a shishi odoshi (deer scarer), which makes a satisfying clacking sound as it fills with water and empties again. It’s a feature of the garden at Ryoanji.
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Tune Into Sound
The auditory experience is just as necessary as the visual. A Japanese garden should inspire quiet contemplation. So if you can, put it somewhere far from traffic noise. You want to hear the wind blowing and the water gurgling.
You can introduce meditative sounds in a number of ways. Make a waterfall and listen to it splashing over the rocks. Or hang some wind chimes. In a tranquil space, the clacking sound of a shishi odoshi can be particularly soothing.
FAQ
How do I maintain a Japanese garden?
In addition to typical garden maintenance tasks like weeding and mulching, clean and maintain any water features and keep trees and bushes consistently pruned in a Japanese garden.
Can I combine Japanese and other garden styles?
Japanese garden features blend well with woodland, Chinese and Zen gardens or can be combined with other garden “rooms” to form a larger, cohesive whole.
About the Expert
- Matt Horth is a horticulturist at the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum.
